In a sweeping overhaul, India’s GST (Goods and Services Tax) system just got a major simplification makeover, adopting the long-promised “GST 2.0.” The 56th GST Council meeting, headed by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman, sealed the transition from the current four-tier structure (5%, 12%, 18%, 28%) to a streamlined two-tier model: 5% and 18%, with a special 40% slab for sin and luxury goods. These measures were unanimously approved by all state ministers.
What Makes Up the New Rates?
- Essential goods and consumables like soaps, toothpaste, hair oil, kitchenware, and packaged snacks have been moved to the 5% bracket—many items were previously taxed at 12% or 18%.
- Life and health insurance, once taxed at 18%, are now fully exempt (0% GST).
- Healthcare access gets a boost: 33 life-saving/cancer drugs are now GST-free, while others are now taxed at 5% instead of 12–18%.
- Staple food items—including UHT milk, paneer, roti, chapati—will now carry zero GST (a drop from 5%).
- Consumer electronics and appliances: TVs (>32″), ACs, dishwashers, and auto parts have been reduced from 28% to 18%.
- Agricultural machinery, handicrafts, and fertilizers now attract 5% GST, down from 12–18%.
- Motor vehicles: Small cars and bikes (≤350–300 cc) now face 18% GST instead of 28%.
- Sin and luxury items—pan masala, cigarettes, aerated drinks, luxury cars, yachts, etc.—are now under an eye-popping 40% GST slab. This replaces the previous cess mechanism.
When Does It Begin?
These new GST rates will roll out from September 22, 2025, marking the start of the festive Navratri season. All eligible goods and services will shift on that date, except for certain sin-related products (e.g., pan masala, cigarettes), which will continue under the existing GST plus compensation cess until the related loan obligations are cleared. The government will communicate transition specifics later.
Why Now?
This reform follows Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Independence Day promise of a “Diwali gift” of simplified GST-setting the stage for consumption-led growth and higher economic efficiency. It’s also a strategic response to global economic pressures, including protectionist U.S. tariffs.
Implications & Reception
Wider economic boost: Economists see this as a shot in the arm for consumption, potentially fueling long-term growth.
Consumers: Cheaper essentials, food, healthcare, electronics, and vehicles mean more purchasing power.
Small traders & businesses: Reduced complexity and compliance, especially with pre-filled filings and GST tribunals planned.
States’ revenue concerns: Some governments have warned of revenue shortfalls – Kerala anticipates an annual loss of about $1 billion.
Wider economic boost: Economists see this as a shot in the arm for consumption, potentially fueling long-term growth.
Bottom Line
India’s GST reform—executed today, September 3, 2025 – asist in a more intuitive structure:
- Only 5% and 18% slabs (additionally a 40% tier for sin/luxury).
- Effective rollout starts by September 22, with special exceptions phased later.
- Expect lower costs for essentials, streamlined business operations, and renewed economic momentum.